My Personal Goals Of My Life - 849 Words

A time where I achieved a personal goal in my life has to be when I had to take school serious and bring my grade up so I can have better future for myself. So let s go back to when I was in High School after leaving middle I had a bad start back towards the end of middle school I was never the kid who never did there homework, projects or anything I had to do that I was assigned to do at home and kept making excuses of why I didn t do it. After that I got in trouble by my parents we would later have a talk about why I should focus on my education as a teen I didn t really care what they said just went through one ear then out the other. When I first started High School I didn t do some homework and even projects assignments again my parents would soon be later be notified about how my grades were not so great that s when it all started. When I came home my parents were waiting for me as we started to talk they were talking about when they were kids they wish they could have expanded their education since my mom only went to elementary school back when she a kid back in Mexico since she could not go since she was not able since she was the oldest of 5 siblings so she had to stop going to school because of it. My father never went to school as a kid since he was very poor growing so he was not able to to learn anything they told me if they had the opportunity to further their education they wish they could have been something instead of what they would do my mom wantedShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Goals : My Goals In My Life1685 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen the type of person to write down goals and set out to succeed them one at a time. 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I want to live life to my fullest and loveRead MoreMy Personal Life Goals 755 Words   |  3 Pagesdoing with my life?† This happened to me one day, and I quickly realized I have lost sight of my goals. Goals help you set a road map for your life, to accomplish things that are special to you and will help you move through life. They can be as simple as: wanting to improve your car, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, or on the long term end: wanting to graduate college with a degree in accounting. My first goal, would be to improve my â€Å"clunker car,† which is something I have always owned my entireRead MoreMy Personal Goals In Life, And The Purpose Of Life1275 Words   |  6 PagesPurpose Paper In life, purpose helps drive your passions in life and take you wherever you may want to go. Everyone has their purposes that guide them and keep the light at the end of the tunnel lit. 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Light Pollution The Dark Side of Outdoor Lighting

As many homeowners, you are taking steps to reduce your carbon footprint at home. You dutifully recycle glass, metal, paper, and plastic waste each week. You replace all the incandescent light bulbs in your home with energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) or light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs. However, you may be unwittingly contributing to carbon emissions and interfering with delicate ecosystems through light pollution. Light pollution, unlike other forms of contamination and waste, remains largely overlooked and unregulated in industrialized countries. Learn more about the cause, different types, and effects of light pollution, and how adjusting your use of outdoor lighting can help reduce this form of pollution. What is Light†¦show more content†¦A glare occurs in the following three forms: Glare Pollution Discomfort Glare – Discomfort glare is also known as psychological glare, and is the most common type of glare. 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Managerial Accounting of Cadbury Limited †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Accounting of Cadbury Limited. Answer: Introduction: This report paper has been prepared to evaluate the financial performance and the financial position of Cadbury limited. For preparing this report, quantitative analysis have been done on the manufacturing process and the cost of the company. On the basis of these calculations, pricing strategy, breakeven strategy, revenue model and breakeven point etc of the company has been prepared. For estimating and evaluating the financial statement and the position of the company, fixed cost of the production of the company, required cash to manage the production of the company, total current and total noncurrent assets of the company, items of income statement of the company such as salaries, revenues, ongoing cost, depreciation etc. Company overview: Cadbury limited is one of the largest chocolate manufacturing and delivering company is the worldwide. According to the current report about the confectionary companies, it has been found that this company falls on second number after Mars. The company is offering its confectionary items such as chocolates, cookies and biscuits in worldwide. The company is working on diversification strategies. The main motto of the company is to grab the entire international market and become the leader in the market. Currently, it is running its business in more than 50 countries. The main products of the company are dairy milk chocolates, roses selection box, crme egg, Oreo biscuits, various cookies etc. The company has been established in 1824. The production system of the company is quite competitive. Board of directors and the directors report of the company explain that the company has managed all its functions and the operations in efficient and effective manner. Currently, the position and production of the company has been studied to make better conclusion about the budgeting process and the performance of the company. Managerial accounting: Managerial accounting is a procedure to measure, analyze, evaluate, interpret and communicate theaccounting and financial information of an organization with the management of the company to record in a proper manner so that the goal and the objectives of the company could be fulfilled (Williams, Haka, Bettner and Carcello, 2005). Managerial accounting takes the concern of the related factors and the aspects to administer the financial performance and the position of the company. Managerial accounting is important for every manufacturing and non manufacturing company to manage and enhance the position of the company. Importance of managerial accounting: Managerial accountings main importance is that it helps the administration of the company to make better decision about the place and the performance of the company. It concentrates on the internal business and the function of the company. The managerial accounting makes it easy for the management of the company t evaluate the financial position of the company so that the decision about the funding and the cash position could be made by the company easily. More, it also assists the corporation to forecast the future and make better conclusion about the companys performance (Madhura, 2011). The study has been performed on Cadbury limited and it has been evaluated that the managerialaccounting made it easy for the corporation to evaluate the pricing strategy of the company. The breakeven point of the company has been analyzed on the basis of the production system of the company (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Following calculations have been made through evaluating the production system of the company: ` Y1 30,00,000 1L Fixed costs Admin Costs 15,000 0.0050 Salaries 5,000 0.0017 Rent 12,000 0.0040 Fees 6,000 0.0020 Insurance 5,000 0.0017 Misc. 5,500 0.0018 depreciation 4,000 0.0013 TOTAL 52,500 0.0175 Variable Costs Material cost 1,10,000 11.0000 Labour cost 1,00,000 10.0000 Commission 750.0 0.075 Transport cost 30,000 3.0000 Misc cost 6,750 0.6750 Total Costs 3,00,000 Breakeven revenues Revenues 1,31,868 BREAKEVEN Price 3,00,000 The above calculations express that the company has to suffer AED 3,00,000 of the cost to product a lot of chocolates at a time. In that, the total fixed cost of the company is AED 52,500 whereas the total variable cost of the company is AED 2,47,500. It explains that the breakeven revenue of the company is AED 1,31,868. It explains that the company is generating good amount of profit. Further, the break even analysis is also a part of managerial accounting which makes it easy for the company to evaluate the performance and the position of the company (Higgins, 2012). It explains that if the company wants to produce 10000 units of chocolates that the BEP units of the company are 3297 units. It explains that the rest units are the mark up units of the company and it would offer the great profit of the company. Sales Sales (AED) /one unit 40 Sales Volume (no. of units) per period 10,000 Total Sales amount 4,00,000 Variable Cost Material cost per unit 11.00 Labour cost per unit 10.00 Commission per unit 0.08 Transports cost per unit 3.00 Misc. Costs per unit 0.68 Total Variable cost per unit 24.08 Total Variable cost per period 2,40,750 Contribution Per unit 15.9 Gross Margin 1,59,250 Fixed Costs Admin Costs 15,000 Salaries 5,000 Rent 12,000 Fees 6,000 Insurance 5,000 Depreciation 4,000 Misc. 5,500 Total Fixed Costs 52,500 TOTAL COSTS 2,93,250 Net Profit 1,06,750 1,06,750 3296.7 BE 3296.7 Budgeting process of the company: Further, the budgeting process is a process which explains about the future of the business. It takes the concern of current trends of the industry, demand and supply forecast, market position of the products of the company, past data and the growth of the revenue of the company, suppliers position of the company etc and explains the company about the future changes so that, it becomes easy for the organization to make the financial strategy for the business and maintain the business in an efficient manner (Deegan, 2013). Further, it explains that the budgeting process is a crucial element for every manufacturing business. Some of the importance of budgeting process is as follows: Importance of Budgeting process: Budgeting process makes it easy for an organization to forecast the prospect changes of the company. It is easier for the corporation to evaluate the future and make strategies for better business of the company on the basis of budgeting process. More, it assists the management of the business to make better conclusion about the production of the company, total purchase of the company, safe inventory of the company, total cash required for the company etc. (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2011). It also explains the company that how much assets and the resources are required to produce the units and meet the demands of the customers. The budgeting process study has been done on Cadbury limited and it has been evaluated that the budgeting process is helping the company to manage all the aspects and the companys performance (Arnold, 2013). On the basis of budgeting process, it becomes very easy for the company to make better decision about the position and the performance of the company. Further, the calculations have been done on the budgeting system of the company and it has been evaluated that the production of the company would be better in the UAE market as the demand of chocolates in UAE market is quite high. More, the total purchase of the company would also be higher due to the different taste and the variety of chocolates. The inventory of the company would also be managed in a proper manner after evaluating the performance and procedure of manufacturing the process. And, the total cash required for the company would be AED 3,83,000 (Davies and Crawford, 2011). Pricing strategy: The pricing strategy calculations of the company express that the company has to spend AED 3,00,000 of the cost to product a lot of chocolates at a time. In that, the total fixed cost of the company is AED 52,500 whereas the total variable cost of the company is AED 2,47,500. It explains that the breakeven revenue of the company is AED 1,31,868. Further, it explains that the variable cost per unit of the company is AED 0.68. The pricing strategy of the company explains that the strategy has been prepared and maintained by the company after evaluating and analysing every relevant factor (Brown, Beekes and Verhoeven, 2011). Following calculations express that the following would be the price of the products: Time Unit Price Unit variable cost Total Fixed Costs Month 40 24.8 52,500 Sales Volume Analysis Units Sold per period 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 13,000 13,500 14,000 14,500 15,000 15,500 Sales Price Per unit 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Total Sales 4,00,000 4,20,000 4,40,000 4,60,000 4,80,000 5,00,000 5,20,000 5,40,000 5,60,000 5,80,000 6,00,000 6,20,000 Fixed Costs per period 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 Variable Costs 247500 259875 272250 284625 297000 309375 321750 334125 346500 358875 371250 383625 Total Costs 3,00,000 3,12,375 3,24,750 3,37,125 3,49,500 3,61,875 3,74,250 3,86,625 3,99,000 4,11,375 4,23,750 4,36,125 Net Profit (Loss) 1,00,000 1,07,625 1,15,250 1,22,875 1,30,500 1,38,125 1,45,750 1,53,375 1,61,000 1,68,625 1,76,250 1,83,87 Breakeven strategy: Further, the break even strategy of the company has been evaluated. This analysis is also a part of managerial accounting which makes it easy for the company to evaluate the performance and the position of the company. It explains that if the company wants to produce 10000 units of chocolates that the BEP units of the company are 3297 units. It explains that the rest units are the mark up units of the company and it would offer the great profit of the company (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007). Following graph explains about the breakeven point of the company: Revenue model: Further, the revenue of the business has been analyzed to recognize the financial performance and the position of the company. And the following calculations have been evaluated: Time Unit Price Unit variable cost Total Fixed Costs Month 40 24.8 52,500 Sales Volume Analysis Units Sold per period 10,000 10,500 11,000 11,500 12,000 12,500 13,000 13,500 14,000 14,500 15,000 15,500 Sales Price Per unit 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Total Sales 4,00,000 4,20,000 4,40,000 4,60,000 4,80,000 5,00,000 5,20,000 5,40,000 5,60,000 5,80,000 6,00,000 6,20,000 Fixed Costs per period 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 52,500 Variable Costs 247500 259875 272250 284625 297000 309375 321750 334125 346500 358875 371250 383625 Total Costs 3,00,000 3,12,375 3,24,750 3,37,125 3,49,500 3,61,875 3,74,250 3,86,625 3,99,000 4,11,375 4,23,750 4,36,125 Net Profit (Loss) 1,00,000 1,07,625 1,15,250 1,22,875 1,30,500 1,38,125 1,45,750 1,53,375 1,61,000 1,68,625 1,76,250 1,83,87 It explains that with the different production units of the company, the revenue of the company would be different and so that net profit of the company so the company has decided to produce 14000 units per month as it would offer high profit to the company and at the same time, on this level, it would be easier for the company to manage and evaluate the demand of the company (Baker and Nofsinger, 2010). Forecast the financial performance of the company: Through the above evaluation and forecast on the financial performance of the company, it has been evaluated that the future performance of the company would be better. The revenue of the company would be better and at the same time, the evaluation and the research explains that the demand of chocolates in UAE market is quite high. More, the total purchase of the company would also be higher due to the different taste and the variety of chocolates (Ackert and Deaves, 2009). The inventory of the company would also be managed in a proper manner after evaluating the performance and procedure of manufacturing the process. And, the total cash required for the company would be AED 3,83,000. This explains that the financial performance of the company is quite better. Conclusion: The above study explains that the financial performance and the position of Cadbury limited would be quite attractive in the UAE market. This report paper explains about the quantitative analysis, manufacturing process and the cost of the company. On the basis of these calculations, pricing strategy, breakeven strategy, revenue model and breakeven point etc of the company, it has been found that the company would perform better in the UAE market. References: Ackert, L. and Deaves, R. 2009. Behavioral Finance: Psychology, Decision-Making, and Markets. Cengage Learning. Arnold, G., 2013.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Baker, H.K. and Nofsinger, J.R. 2010. Behavioral Finance: Investors, Corporations, and Markets. John Wiley Sons. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007. FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Brown, P., Beekes, W. and Verhoeven, P., 2011. Corporate governance, accounting and finance: A review.Accounting finance,51(1), pp.96-172. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011. Business accounting and finance. Pearson. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Higgins, R. C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Hillier, D., Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2011.Financial markets and corporate strategy. McGraw Hill. Madura, J., 2011.International financial management. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2009. Managerial accounting: tools for business decision making. John Wiley Sons. Williams, J.R., Haka, S.F., Bettner, M.S. and Carcello, J.V., 2005. Financial and managerial accounting. China Machine Press.

Sample Company Profile Gun Store free essay sample

Company profile In every shot, there is power factor! Take a shot with us! Power Factor Guns and Ammo Store is a private company categorized under guns and gunsmith. We aim to ensure optimum customer satisfaction by providing them precision products and outstanding services. Through this, we are building long-term relationship with our clients. We envision ourselves to be the leading distributor in the industry of sales and merchandising of guns and ammunition products. We continue to provide excellent and high quality firearms, ammunition, gun accessories and general weaponry, since our establishment in 2011. We offer wide range of services from licensing to legal processing of permit relating to gun acquisition and carriage. Our main office is located in Rodriguez Montalban, Rizal. We operate sales around the country, focusing in the area of Ilocos Region, La Union, Rizal and Metro Manila. Ultimately, we want our customers to be empowered. We cater to clients from all walks of life, from the high-ranking officials of our country’s national police, finest professional shooters in gun firing competitions around the country , down to the ordinary citizens who want to feel security and comfort right in their own hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Company Profile Gun Store or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page WE GIVE YOU POWER FACTOR! By security, we mean not only the protection of oneself and family. It also includes our customers’ general well-being by equipping them guns and ammunition with 100% dependability and safety assurance. By comfort, we mean not only fun and excitement brought by participating in gun shooting competitions, may it be just a hobby or expertise. Our endeavour is to unite our customers and strengthen gun firing as a sports by creating a healthy community of people who have passion in it. We are working with the leading firearms manufacturer in Southeast Asia which is Armscor. We are also affiliated to (list other notable affiliations and organization and awards if any). We aspire to . (end note) #!

Nelson Mandelas Struggle for essays

Nelson Mandelas Struggle for essays Nelson Mandelas Struggle for Peace and Equality for All Races I have cherished the ideal of a free society in which all persons live together in harmony and equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for...but if need be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela spoke these famous words and is known for transforming a model of racial division and oppression into an open democracy. Mandela is one the admired national figures of our age. Nelson says, I am not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances. From Nelsons childhood, as a member of the royal house, being stripped from his indignity in prison, to becoming president of South Africa, his life is an epic of struggle, setback, renewed hope and ultimate triumph. Let us begin this journey of a true leader of peace. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Mvezo, which was the capital of Transkei. Mvezo was a tiny village removed from the world and the western civilization influences. Nelson was from a Thembu Royal house and his birth name, Rolihlahla, was given by his father, which means troublemaker. His English name, Nelson, was given to him by his teacher on the first day of school. Nelsons childhood was peaceful and he spent his time in the field herding cattle, plowing, and tending sheep. Transkei is eight hundred miles east of Cape Town, five hundred fifty miles south of Johannesburg, and lies between the Kei River and the Natal border, between the rugged Drakensberg Mountains to the north and the blue waters, of the Indian Ocean to the east. This land was fertile with hills, valleys and flowing streams. The Thembu people population was 3 Â ½ million and a minority of whites. Nelsons father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a chief of Mvezo by the King of Thembu tribe. Due to some m isfortunes with ...

Cover Letter Sample for Customer Experience Job

Cover Letter Sample for Customer Experience Job SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're hoping to join a customer experience team, then you've got to have good people skills! In this sample cover letter, the applicant emphasizes her warm, patient, positive qualities, as well as her love for the company's products. Read on to see how Poppy presentsherself as a strongapplicant, and then continue on to the breakdown of what this letter does well. Cover Letter Sample for Customer Experience Representative Poppy Harrington14 Standish St.Cambridge, MA 02138edward.harrington@gmail.com * 555-555-5555 May 1, 2016 Zachary ParkerDirector of Customer RelationsLark Lenses102 Charles St.Boston, MA 024 Dear Zachary Parker, I’m excited to apply to the position of Customer Experience Representative with Lark Lenses, a position I learned about from Product Designer, Allie Saltman. As an experienced support representative and long-time patron of Lark Lenses (I’m wearing â€Å"Anderson† glasses as I type this), I’d be thrilled to join the Lark Lenses team. Please allow me to share my experiences as they relate to the responsibilities of Customer Experience Representative. For the past two years, I worked on the support team of marketing software start-up, DubStop. I taughtcustomers the ins and outs of the software and helped troubleshoot problems through phone, email, and live chat. Typical problemsincluded account set-up, payment processing issues, and software bugs. From this role in customer support, I developed stellar communication and organizational skills and the ability to think on my feet. While I love interacting with customers, I’m less passionate about marketing software and aimto work in the fashion industry. As I mentioned above, I’m a hugefan of Lark Lenses’ products and am inspired by the company’s devotion to high quality eyewear, low costs, and innovative customer service. My loyalty was cemented the first time I tried its home try-on service; I ended up ordering both my Andersons and the Winstonian sunglasses. As a devoted Lark Lenses' customer, I have the familiarity with your products to jump right in and hope, over time, to grow within your company. I’m confident that I have the personal qualities of warmth, patience, adaptability, sincerity, and energy to excel in the role of Customer Experience Representative. Lark Lenses inspires me withits innovative work at the crossroads of fashion and technology.I would love to learn more about the role and can be reachedby phone or email. Thank you very much, and I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, Poppy Harrington PoppyHarrington From her cover letter, it sounds like Poppy could turn her customers' frowns upside down. Customer Experience Cover Letter: The Breakdown Poppy's excited by the prospect of joining the Lark Lenses' team, and she makes sure the hiring manager knows it. She starts out by showing familiarity with the company; not only does she know someone who works in product design, but she was also wearing her Lark Lenses glasses as she wrote the letter. Poppy states thatshe has experience working in support and interacting with customers over the phone and through email and live chat. She also explains the reason she wants to switch, stating that she would prefer to work infashionover software. Poppy further expressesher excitementby saying she hopes to grow within the company. Poppy uses a few specific examples in her letter, describing some of her responsibilities at DubStop and her experiences with Lark Lenses and its home try-on program. Overall, her cover letter helps personalize her application and express her enthusiasm for the company and its available role in customer experience. Poppy's coverletter also features a traditional format, with her name and contact information at the top, followed by the date and the hiring manager's details. Should your cover letter look the same? A Note on Format If you're sending your cover letter by hard copy (rare) or as a Word attachment, then you'll likely use a similar format to the one you see in the sample above. However, if you're pasting your email directly into the body of an email or a text box on an application portal, then you don't really have to worry about these traditional headers. In the latter two cases, you can just start right in by addressing the hiring manager. In these plain text, electronic formats, a real-life signature's not part of the equation either.Think about how you're sending your letterand any other application instructions as you put on the final touches! As with your cover letter'scontent, make sure to be intentional about its overall look. What's Next? Looking for more samples? Check out our full cover letter guide with six sample letters, plus you'll find some great tips for writing your letter. Are you figuring out how to start your own letter? Our cover letter guide will help you push past writer's block with a clear step-by-step template.

Sustainable Tourism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Tourism - Research Paper Example This forms of tourism, in which foreign people visits other places for leisure and exploration. 2. Supporting the protection of natural areas by generating economic benefits for host communities, providing alternative employment and income opportunities for local communities and increasing awareness towards the conservation of natural and cultural assets. Ecotourism and sustainable tourism are both inclined in traveling and exploration of beautiful places all over the world. But ecotourism focuses on the conservation and sustainability of our environment, where it should be nurtured, preserved and cared for a sustainable biosphere. The consideration to the environment is much given emphasis in ecotourism. On the other hand, sustainable tourism focused on line with the continuous process and application of more travels and tourisms. It ideally uses the resources for national growth. What it considers is the development t of the society and economic status of the State. Assessment 3 Hunter (1995) define sustainable tourism as the basis of the definition of sustainability in the Brundtland Report as follows: Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) should consider these concerns: 1. meet the needs and wants of the local host community in terms of improved living standards and quality of life. Here he possesses that the state and the people should have progress in living. 2. Satisfy the demands of tourists and the tourism industry, and continue to attract them in order to meet the first aim; and, - The state should make sure that their tourist spots should satisfy the visitors, and continuously attract more and more and encourage them to come back. 3. Safeguard the environmental resource base for tourism, encompassing natural, built and cultural components; in order to achieve both the preceding aims. - there should be planning's to attain and assurance o have this place favorable universally. Assessment 4 Swarbrooke criticize the sustainable tour

Marx Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marx - Assignment Example Like Hegel, therefore, Marx dialectical materialism perceives human progress as an upward spiral process that begins with a single concept (the thesis), which always arouses its very opposite (an antithesis). The interaction of the two, Marx argues, creates some form of tension (synthesis); a kind of stage where the ideas presented in the above two scenarios are refined with the incorporation of elements from either side, resulting into a new concept [new thesis], which is literally more advanced than the original concept [thesis]. Simply stated, Marxist dialectics sees human progress as a conflict directed process, always in a state of constant development/motion, leading to superior levels of interactive mechanisms. An inverted form of Hegels dialectic, Marx explains that the key to changes witnessed in history is not in the operative mechanics of the human mind, but in the material life guided by the system of production; that the very ideas of the mind are but consciously shaped by the material life, for people must produce the necessities of life before engaging in anything else such as politics. In other words, the superstructure of human life rests on the economic relations within the society, and that capitalism, like any other economic system that has been in existence, is only but a transitional force towards a more superior economic system. Capitalist societies, according to Marx theory, have two major social classes: the propertied, which he describes as the Bourgeoisie – owning the means of production and the propertyless , which he describes as the proletariat—owning little or no property and working for wages. The two classes, Marx argues, are dependent upon each other in that while the former need the latter to provide their labor in the production of goods and services from which they derive their profits, the latter depend much on the on former for their income in order to survive. The relationship, is however, based upon

Global Promotional Strategies Essay Example for Free

Global Promotional Strategies Essay The global companies try to achieve a strategic position on each market they are present in. To reach that goal, companies need to differentiate the products from competitors, while holding the costs of market communication activities at lowest level. Also global companies have to make an effort to sustain advertising campaign in all the markets in which there are present, because wherever they live people tend to react positively to companies and products they know about. In this point, global promoting strategies help brand familiarity, which plays an important role in the market. Global promotion strategies can use a standardized theme globally, but may have to make adjustments for language or cultural differences. Advantages: -Adaptation: Fully adapting an advertising message for local markets. Changes may have to be made due to media availability. -They have a high level of coordination of its market communication. -The companies can modify products for different countries. Also new products are designed for foreign markets. -To incorporate all the differences into one product design and introduce a global product. -Standardization provides benefit such as cost saving in production and marketing. Disadvantages: -It can cause communication issue based on verbal, pictorial, symbolic, idiomatic languages. -The product gives the consumer an identity so they can put the consumer in bad situations, if the products have a problem. -Cultural differences have to realize by the companies before entering the market. For example, when Barbie doll imported to China, consumer did not even buy one. Barbie was not related with Chinese appear, that is why kids did not want to play t with Barbie. After that, the company made new Barbie just looked like Chinese people; at that point they got consumer interest. In conclusion, global promotions strategies are your weapon in this economy and it is up to you to use them for your benefits or failure.

social Science Fiction In Asimovs Work :: essays research papers fc

PART I"Social science fiction?"Science fiction is a term familiar to many people. This is especially true due to the tremendous influence of television. But the term "social science fiction," although not heard too often, is a term is descriptive of most of today's science fiction literature."But what does it mean?"Social science fiction is the term given to literature "which is concerned with the impact of scientific advance upon human beings."(1) It is to be set apart from the adventure or "gadget" science fiction which is characterized by simplistic plots and flat characters. Social science fiction is concerned with the problems presented to humanity by technology and science.This theme can be seen readily throughout many of Isaac Asimov's science fiction works. But, Mr. Asimov was not too concerned with the problems of atomic power or overpopulation when he was three years old.Asimov was born in Russia in the year 1920. He and his parents emigrated to the United States when Isaac was three years old. Upon arriving, young Asimov wasted little time in beginning his writing career. He had taught himself to read and by the age of seven, he had his own library card.(2) But, of the two books he was allowed to take out, only one of them could be fiction. Thus, Isaac took a liking to many science and history books, and his amazingly retentive memory allowed him to recall many of the things he read.Because of his excellent reading habits and his superb memory, Asimov was considered brilliant when he entered school. A grade of 95 from a person capable of 100 was considered a poor grade by Isaac's father. Although he was an excellent student, Asimov was frequently bored by school. In order to escape boredom, he would create stories in class for himself and others. Although he did this verbally at first, he began writing down his stories at the age of eleven. Yet these in-class activities did not distract him from his schoolwork. He graduated the Boys' High School in Brooklyn when he was fifteen. From there, he went on to receive a B.S. from Colombia University in 1939, a Masters in 1941, and then a Ph.D. in 1948.(3) Asimov says he would have continued his studies had it not been for World War II.Asimov's first exposure to science fiction occurred one day while he was working in his father's candy store.

Integrated

Tyrone Galimore Professor Tania J Quinn 100 las Experience, Learning and Identity January 4, 2011 Malcolm x, self-educated his self in prison, and gained self confidence in reading and writing. I see myself in the same position. My whole life I felt I was in prison in the labor work force. `I am attempting to self educate myself at the college of New Rochelle. In an attempt to get a degree, so I can improve my finical situation. I am my biggest mentor at this point in my life, and you (Professor Quinn) seem to have a great influence on my education.Your energy and your personal stories inspire me to believe in myself. Like the tutor in educating Rita; he believed in Rita’s ability that she could learn and change her life around. My goal is to be a better writer and receive my under graduate Degree, and eventually getting my master degree in teaching, and one day becoming a teacher. The thing that held me back from achieving a College degree in the past was family. I was just l ike Rita’s husband who wanted a family, but in my situation I was thinking with the wrong head.I had a son, and had to support my family, so I got a second job to make more money, and dropout of school. â€Å"The allegory of the cave† According to those living inside the cave, their perception was their reality, and these people who stayed inside the cave could not see the light and were not open to new ideas, but those who left outside the cave had a greater understanding of the light’s reality and realized there was more to life. It would have been hard to return after finding this new knowledge. Galimore 2 Malcolm X wrote to the minister Elijah Muhammad at least twenty-five times.He must have written that first one-page letter to him, over and over. Malcolm was trying to make it both legible and understandable. He practically couldn’t read his own handwriting; it shamed him to even remember this. Malcolm’s spelling and his grammar was as bad, if not worse. Anyway, as well as he could express it, he said, Malcolm had been told about Elijah Muhammad by his brothers and sisters, and Malcolm apologized for his poor letter written. (Alex Haley p. 173) My whole life I felt entrapped to the life style I was living.A blue collar worker just barely able to pay the rent and feed my family. On the job I felt like a professional worker receiving migrant workers pay. My professional skills were fine tuned to perfection, and my bosses and co-workers always gave me the highest compliments when it came to my work performance. Promotions on the job came up frequently, and these positions would be posted publicly next to the staff’s mail boxes where I could see them daily. The frustrating thing was I could not apply for any of these positions because I was unqualified.Most of these positions required a College Degree, something I did not have. Galimore 3 It was because of Malcolm letters that he happened to stumble upon starting to a cquire some kind of a homemade education. Malcolm was increasingly frustrated at not being able to express what he wanted to convey in letters that Malcolm wrote, especially those to Mr. Elijah Muhammad. In the streets, Malcolm had commanded attention when he said something. But now, trying to write simple English, he not only wasn’t articulate, Malcolm wasn’t even functional.How would he sound writing in slang, the way he would say it, something such as, â€Å"look, daddy, let me pull your coat about a cat, Elijah Muhammad—â€Å"Many who today hear Malcolm somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something he said, will think Malcolm went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to Malcolm’s prison studies. (Alex Haley p. 174) I realized by not have a degree my finical situation would not change. Sure I could get another job, but that’s what led to the breakup of my family.Working to many hours and n ot spending quality time with them (workaholic). I also felt like I had no real respect given to me in the position I was in, and felt I was afraid to go back to college because I did not want anyone to know I was a college dropout. My handwriting, spelling, and grammar need improvement also. The college of New Rochelle is giving me the confidence to take charge my future. Galimore 4 Rita faced many obstacles in her academic progression. She had two main obstructions, one was her working class background and the second was her husband Denny.Denny’s views are very traditional when it comes to the role of a woman. He failed to support her education and tried his best to distract her whenever he could. In the end the marriage failed because of Rita’s pursuit of her studies. Socially Rita was confused, around her family she felt that she can be better and do something better with her life than just have children and be a support system to her husband, but in the other hand when around her peers she felt inferior to her fellow students for they were so knowledgeable and she had nothing to talk about.Even with her not being certain where exactly she fit in Rita still maintained enough confidence to push forward and accomplish her goals. I faced many of the same obstacles in my academic progressions as Rita did. My work background was always in a blue collar capacity, always missing out on job advancement opportunities which meant better salaries of me. Letting my finical responsibility to my family first instead for going back to college and completing my degree requirements. This would have put me in a better position to spend more time raising my kids.Don’t look at this in a negative way, my kids are doing fine and turned out to be great young men, but if I had it to do over. Money and Quality time is a good recipe for a successful relationship. Today I maintained enough confidences to push forward and accomplish my goals just like Rita. Galim ore 5 â€Å"The allegory of the cave† According to those living inside the cave, their perception was their reality, and these people who stayed inside the cave could not see the light and were not open to new ideas, but those who left outside the cave had a greater understanding of the light’s reality and realized there was more to life.It would have been hard to return after finding this new knowledge. Growing up in the community I grow up in, seems to me know like the inside of a cave. My perception of reality was of the perception of those around me. A product of my environment, a person always chasing the money and not allowing the money to chase me. I was a person who would not venture to for from my community, but always wonder what it was like on the other side. Now that I am at the College of New Rochelle, I have a greater understanding and realize that I can accomplish more in life if I try.Going back to feeling like I am just a blue collar worker is unaccept able, for I see the torch and I am going to light it one day. Failure is not an option at this point in my life, so whatever it takes to accomplish this goal consider this goal accomplished. Professor Quinn I will see you at the finish line. Writing Assignment #4 Education is Liberating Tyrone Galimore LAS 100 – Experience, Learning and Identity Professor Tania J Quinn December 1, 2010

Sourcing Scenarios Case Questions

Julien Levesque June 17, 2010 MISM 2301 Sourcing Scenarios Case Questions Case 1: Outsourcing 1. Develop a table that captures the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"cons† of this corporate decision. Pros| Cons|Improved quality * Operational and management activities * Accurate record of transactions| Jeopardy of quality * Poor communication between suppliers * Testability * Qualifications of outsourcing company| Cost effective * Lowers cost service to the business| Quality of service * Stakeholders are affected and there is no single view of quality| Allows them to focus on the core business * Financial services| Image of company * Public opinion regarding outsourcing * Staff turnover| Operational expertise and access to talent * Too difficult or time consuming to develop it in-house| Communication problems with transferred employees * Company knowledge could be jeopardized| Standardizing business processes, IT services, and application services * More access to services because th ey have more resources and time to devote into other aspects of their company| Security, legal, and compliance issues * Fraud * Liability for actions is there but only until employees transfer| 2. List the reasons why Southwest chose outsourcing? Was it the right choice? * Business growth required the need for hardware and software upgrades * This was the RIGHT choice It is important to keep clients happy and be able to satisfy their needs while remaining profitable * IT can enable business processes * This was the RIGHT choice * Easier to analyze transactions * Make more informed decisions when manipulating information * Outsourcing vendor hired many of the IT staff * This was the RIGHT choice * Knowledge of clients and necessary procedures * Hardware and software updates meet client needs * This was the RIGHT choice * There was a fee-based arrangement so they only pay for what they need and use Case 2: Partnering 1. Develop a table that captures the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"c ons† of this corporate decision. Pros| Cons|Better customer service (focusing on their expertise)| Unregulated subsidiaries may have problems incorporating IT if they don’t have their own personnel| Increased efficiency and cost management| Should discuss decision with investors since they are affected| Wide range of technical personnel who are only employed when needed| Protocol for different subsidiaries may conflict with the IT that the partnering company wants to install| Flexibility of personnel| | Can serve different needs of each subsidiary| | 2. List the critical success factors (CSFs) in making this partnership work. * Meetings with the IT personnel and all groups to see if they can develop a plan together * Focused goal * Communication * Flexibility * Commitment to the project—financial and practice Case 3: Unwinding an outsourcing relationship 1. Use a table to list the major risks associated with this in-sourcing solution and how SRS mitigated each ri sks. Major Risks| SRS Mitigation|Data integrity| Converted to run on new software and testing| Controlled environment for data center| Located within building so it is accessible to staff and IT| No thorough understanding or knowledge of hardware and software being ordered| Clause to have vendors explain in detail all of the hardware they would employ and how it would be configured to work with their product offering system| Staff’s adoption and integration of new system| Staff training and testing| 2. List the critical success factors (CSFs) in making this arrangement work. * Understanding of needs and what hardware can be configured to best suit needs * Thorough training for employees so they know how to use hardware * Data integrity and testing * Standardizing system so it is easy to get any additional IT help and to reduce costs

The Great Gatsby and Short Sto essays

The Great Gatsby and Short Sto essays The Great Gatsby and Short Story Comparative Analysis Essay Certain novels and short stories written between the two world wars express common traits that equate to a story commonly labeled Modern American literature. The authors expressed a need through writing of peace and search for values in an unstable world. By careful examination and comparative analysis of the novel The Great Gatsby and other short stories of the Modern Era, one could find the similarities in point of view, conflict, theme, and setting. The role of the narrator and point of view in the aforementioned stories all commonly consist of a first person point of view, and an involved narrator. In The Great Gatsby, the novels narrator is Nick Carraway. He is a young man who moves to the East to learn the bond business. Honest, tolerant, and inclined to reserve judgment, Nick often becomes a confidant for those with troubling secrets and problems. The Great Gatsby is told entirely through Nicks eyes, and his thoughts and perceptions shape the story. As Nick says, Im inclined to reserve all judgments...the abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality(Fitzgerald 1). In the short story by Catherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall, the main character is also the narrator. Granny, as she is affectionately known, is telling the story of the last moments of her life. The author uses the technique of interior monologue, or stream of consciousness. This is a free, rambling thought proce ss by the author to allow one to overhear Grannys thoughts and memories. This process is best exemplified when Granny makes he final goodbyes in her mind, ...and went around making farewell trips to see her grandchildren, with a secret in her mind: This is the very last of your mother, children! Then she made her will and came down with a long fever(Porter 584). The involved narrator stresses t...

Charlemagne Quotes and Words of Wisdom

Charlemagne Quotes and Words of Wisdom In the action-adventure film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Indy and his father, professor of Medieval History Dr. Henry Jones, are running for their lives from a Nazi fighter plane strafing them with bullets. Finding themselves on a rocky beach, the senior Jones (played with aplomb by Sean Connery) pulls out his trusty umbrella and, squawking like a chicken, uses the large black apparatus to frighten a flock of seagulls, who take startled flight into the path of the plane. There they meet a gruesome fate, crashing into the windshield, getting caught in the propellers, and sending the plane careening into the hillside. As Indy (the inestimable Harrison Ford) looks on in stunned silence, his father twirls the umbrella on his shoulder and strides jauntily back up the beach. I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne, he explains. Let my armies be the rocks, and the trees, and the birds in the sky. Its a terrific moment and a wonderful line. Unfortunately, Charlemagne never said it. Ive checked. From Einhards biography to Bullfinchs Legends of Charlemagne, there is no record of this quote before it appeared in Last Crusade in 1989. It must be the creation of one of the screenwriters most likely Jeffrey Boam, who wrote the screenplay, or possibly George Lucas or Menno Meyjes, who devised the story. Whoever came up with it should be commended for its poetry it is, after all, a terrific line. But they should not be referenced as a historical source. But then, the quotes that have been attributed to Charlemagne, which go much further back than 1989, may have been creations of other writers. One source, in particular, the Monk of Saint Gall known as Notker the Stammerer, wrote a colorful biography in the 880s 70 years after Charlemagnes death that, while informative, should be taken with a grain of salt. Here are a few quotes attributed to Charlemagne. Ah, woe is me! that I was not thought worthy to see my Christian hands dabbling in the blood of those dog-headed fiends. Of the Northmen (Vikings) who had retreated before Charlemagne could engage them in battle; as related by Notker the Stammerer in De Carolo Magno, 9th century.Right action is better than knowledge; but in order to do what is right, we must know what is right. De Litteris Colendis, in Jean-Barthà ©lemy Haurà ©au, De la philosophie scolastique, 1850.To have another language is to possess a second soul. attributed; source unknownWould that I had twelve clerks so learned in all wisdom and so perfectly trained as were Jerome and Augustine.This was in conversation with Alcuin, who replied, The Maker of heaven and earth has not many like to those men and do you expect to have twelve? Related by Notker the Stammerer in De Carolo Magno.You nobles, you sons of my chiefs, you superfine dandies, you have trusted to your birth and your possessions and have set at naught my or ders to your own advancement; you have neglected the pursuit of learning and you have given yourselves over to luxury and sport, to idleness and profitless pastimes. By the King of Heaven, I take no account of your noble birth and your fine looks, though others may admire you for them. Know this for certain, that unless you make up for your former sloth by vigourous study, you will never get any favour from Charles. To noble-born students whose work was poor while lesser-born children had worked hard to write well; as related by Notker the Stammerer in De Carolo Magno.

Reflective Practice Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Practice - Research Proposal Example A brief survey of the literature shows that the methodology, results and reportage of reflective practices vary and are highly interdependent. This project will survey the available literature as extensively as possible, categorize the different aspects of the practices, methodologies, and reported outcomes and attempt to extract a general understanding of what works and what does not work and why. From the results of this intensive survey of the literature we should be able to come to some conclusions concerning reflective practices. From these conclusions we can identify any elements which may be missing in the body of literature which might suggest directions for future study. In addition, we expect to be able to create a template of sorts to aid teachers in developing and documenting reflective practice in order to make this process easier and more useful. This will include a synthesized description of the role of the reflective practitioner in education, an informative chart showing reflective practice strategies, the benefits and problems or disadvantages of each plus an analysis of various instruments/tools used to exercise reflective practice. Many textbooks have described and analyzed reflective practices, and there have been some influential texts which concentrated only upon this subject, such as those of Osterman, K., & Kottkamp, R. (2004) and York-Barr, J., Sommers, W., Ghere, G., & Montie, J. (2005). However, there needs to be ongoing study of these practices in order to have continuous evaluation and ongoing availability of current information. One major purpose projects like this can serve is to filter the available literature and offer some guidance to those who wish to read more about reflective practices. An initial search on survey overview of reflective practice in education resulted in, at the least with the exclusion

HRM case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HRM - Case Study Example addition to the communication techniques, a comprehensive HR plan for a proposed M & A strategy should include human resource counseling, establishment and reorganization processes. It may have some financial implications upon the senior management, but it greatly enhances the chances of successful merger and acquisition. To address the consequences, the HR professionals should make the plan and estimate the cost of implementation of these processes and gain senior management’s consent for its approval. 3. To predict and minimize the potentially adverse outcomes, AOL and Netscape should have paid due consideration towards the cultural implications before and after the merger. Before the merger, AOL should have conveyed the possible changes in the nature of work after merger to the workforce. Most likely, the workers would have revealed that the step is not worth taking until AOL brings a major change in its workforce to suit the needs of merger. After the merger, AOL had two options; either to recruit such employees that could also sell high-end wines in addition to the beer, or revert to the old business and retreat from the

Summary of Health Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of Health Articles - Essay Example Most of the women, especially those above the age of 75 were found to be dependent in more than one way. Singapore has the fastest growing elderly population in Asia and it is estimated to triple over the next twenty years. This rapidly aging region of the world is estimated to spend 11% of its Gross Domestic Product on solely health related costs. The major concern that warrants this study is the increasingly high cost of looking after the elderly. In The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, a study was performed to evaluate the quality of exercise prevalent in low income communities. This was done through having subjects perform 6 minute walk tests, checking their blood pressure, and analyzing the activities in their daily lives (ADL). The upper body strength of most individuals, as well as their estimated body fat at the beginning of the project, was not affected, but their blood pressure did tend to decrease. There was also a dramatic increase in lower body strength of these individuals. The results can be expected from a younger group of individuals, but part of its sociological value stems from its use on the elderly.

Challenges Faced By The Shipping Industry Economics Essay

Challenges Faced By The Shipping Industry Economics Essay Today, the shipping industry is still facing a hard period due to macro economic conditions. Most of the shipping entities are struggling to survive these difficult times. There are clear signs of economic recovery in the other sector but on contrary maritime industry has not shown any such indication of recovery form effects of havoc created by the latest economic tsunami. Seaborne trade is uncertain and that some challenging lie ahead for shipping and international seaborne trade. These challenges are further compounded by other developments of some regulations concern in the problem of maritime safety and the protection of marine environment. What kinds of current challenges to the maritime industry related to economic and development of maritime regulations, and how the maritime industry cope with those challenges will be described base on the reference studies. Challenges Facing from Economic Point of View The global maritime industry has presently been reeling under the impact of the ongoing economic crisis. It is expected to experience a few years of decline due to the overcapacity of ships, and a substantial reduction of shipment, resulting in a drop in tariffs. Overall, the shipping industry is witnessing a new trend of consolidation. Smaller companies, which are asset heavy, are merging with larger organizations in order to survive these difficult times. Observations indicate that the prospect of considerable improvements in trade volumes before the end of 2010 is unlikely. It can be safely assumed that the shipping industry will learn its lessons and emerge stronger from the current economic crisis. However, there is still a long way to go, at least three years, before the shipping industry bounces back to its earlier prosperous times and freight rates are rationally stabilized. (Frost Sullivan, 2010). Challenges Facing from Development of Maritime Regulations Most companies in this domain are struggling with the problem of positive cash flow. The major challenges facing the shipping industry not only stem from the economic standpoint, but also arise from strict enforcement of emission regulations and increasing safety and security issues. The Rotterdam rules are expected to replace the old Hague, Hague-Visby, and Hamburg rules. These regulations will provide fresh and fair legal rights to shippers and other cargo-interested parties. Shipping lines and terminal operators will be exposed to new legal claims system for damages, stolen goods, and shipment delays. The criminalization of seafarers is a prominent issue clouding the industry landscape. Seafarers are subjected to severe penalties and punitive charges for acts that have nothing to do with criminal negligence. In addition, carbon emission is a matter that will ultimately determine the future of the shipping industry. Emission control measures require the fitting of detectors and mak ing expensive changes in the machinery deployed on board. This exerts additional pressure on the shipping organizations that are already struggling. How Maritime Industry Cope with those Challenges Under the current circumstances, collaboration shows the way forward. Additionally, companies must look internally to eliminate non-value adding activities. Removing non-value-added waste or Muda from their value chains and focusing on customer satisfaction, which assumes greater importance during these testing times, has the potential to help companies to stay out of the red. Port authorities and operators must optimize utilization of existing capacities rather than building new ones and dealing with excessive idle capacities. Ramping up infrastructure capabilities to cater to regional needs will eventually lead to profitable operations. This applies to shipping companies that should strategically analyze the profit earned on each route, and reduce the number of services on the route where trade volumes are severely down. For survival in the shipping market, it is essential to maintain the flexibility required to take advantage of any emerging opportunities and to act on available m arket intelligence, says the analyst (Frost Sullivan, 2010). Major financial benefits will be associated with well-timed market activity the probability of shipping companies achieving the latter will be markedly improved through the undertaking of regular appraisals of markets and market prospects. Frost Sullivan. (2010). Maritime Industry: Strategic Insight into Current Issues and Future Outlook, from the World Wide Web: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1197139/ Review of maritime transport Against the background of a global financial crisis and economic downturn, growth in seaborne trade continued, although at a slower rate. While demand fell, the supply of new vessels continue to grow as the result of vessel orders placed before the financial crisis. It leds to an oversupply of tonnage and a decline in vessel prices. Prices for scrap metal in 2009 remain very low and many vessel owners have preferred to hold on and lay off their ships, hoping for better times to come. As a consequence of falling demand and increased supply, freight rates have fallen from their 2008 highs. The great number of disturbing incidents of piracy and armed robbery against ships particularly off the Somali coast and in the Gulf of Aden have become an increasing concern not only for the maritime industry that is heavily affected by these incidents, but also for international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations. In the field of maritime and supply-chain security, efforts to implement and refine relevant legal instruments and standards are ongoing. Noteworthy environment related developments include IMOs continued commitment to making progress in a number of areas, including in relation to reducing emissions of greenhouses gases from international shipping and in its work towards the establishment of a relevant global regime. Assessing the costs of climate change impacts on ports and, more generally, supply chains, was seen as important. Understanding the implications for trade and development especially for developing countries needed to be enhanced and relevant studies should be carried out Climate change mitigation in maritime transport and the need to adapt to climate change impacts posed a particular challenge for geographically disadvantaged landlocked countries with significant population, especially for their already volatile trade and development prospects. In that context, further attention should be focused on the impact of potential mitigation measures and adaptation requirements for the trade and development prospects of landlocked developing countries, as well as LDCs [least developed countries]. In that context, financial and technical assistance, as well as capacity-building, were important. Having come through what many have described as the worst year in its history, the global maritime industry is looking towards better days. While the going remains challenging, there are positive signs that portend hope for the future. Freight rates are heading up on a strengthening global economy. The supply overhang of ships is less severe than earlier feared because of order cancellations and deferments, and slow steaming. The improved sentiment is trickling down to other sectors of the maritime industry. As we face the challenges in the year ahead, we see some encouraging signs of the world economy bottoming out and progress on a slow road to recovery. - Climate change is happening and its impacts are already being felt, in particular in the more vulnerable countries. Unchecked, climatic changes can reach tipping points resulting in disastrous and irreversible consequences for humanity. The wide-ranging impacts of climate change and their potential implications for development underscore the need for integrating climate considerations into development and transport planning and strategies. Thus, urgent, concerted and considered action is required at all levels to ensure effective control of GHG emissions and establish the requisite adaptive capacity, especially in developing countries. Like other economic sectors, maritime transport, which is vital to globalized trade, has a role to play in addressing this challenge. At the same time, access to cost-efficient and sustainable international transport services must be safeguarded and enhanced -especially for LDCs, LLDCs and SIDS. Against this background, and to contribute to the debate, deliberations at the meeting may help identify relevant policy actions that serve the purpose of climate change mitigation and adaptation in maritime transport without undermining transport efficiency and trade facilitation gains. One objective of the meeting is to gain a clearer vision of the format, scope and content of a potential new regime on GHG emissions from international shipping and help ascertain the economic and policy implications of various mitigation measures, including on trade competitiveness of developing countries. To this end, and with a view to providing substantive policy guidance in the context of UNFCCC conference in December 2009, discussions are expected to help, inter alia: (a) Assess impacts on/implications for transportation systems, in particular ports and ships; (b) Improve the understanding of required adaptation measures; (c) Explore the potential for synergies between transport and trade facilitation measures and climatepolicy, including in relation to technology; (d) Outline best practices in terms of mechanisms used to integrate climate change considerations into transportation policy, land use planning, as well as infrastructure investment decisions, and development strategies; and (e) Identify current climate change-driven cooperation mechanisms between maritime industry stakeholders and explore their potential expansion in developing countries. Maritime transport is a service rarely in demand for its own characteristics. As the demand for products increase, so the demand for transport facilities increases. Factors determining demand for maritime transport are: condition; price; competition; affordability; speed; quality; standards; comfort; reliability and most importantly safety and security. Marine transport encompasses all forms of transport by sea, intermodal links and inland ports but has certain fundamental differences from other modes of transport. Firstly it caters to a large degree for the freight market. Secondly, as it operates in an international environment, it is influenced by considerable competition and standards. Trends, developments and challenges to the Maritime Transport The international nature of maritime transport renders its vulnerable to the ever-changing world scene and this is a major challenge to the industry as tabulated below. 2.1 Globalization The freer movement of people, goods and information characterizes todays globalised world. It is a more interrelated world, whereby the actions in one part of the world have implications elsewhere. In tandem with the expansion of trade is the elevation of the importance of shipping as the major catalyst of global trade. The case in point is, mega shipping conglomerates and alliances, as well as global terminal operators exercise increasing power on global trade, the maritime transport sector and shipping matters at large. At the same time, there is concern that the forces of liberalization and competition sweeping through the maritime sector might compromise shipping standards. Challenges: be proactive in identifying trends and developments affecting maritime transport be comprehensive and inclusive in our approach to maritime matters be effective and efficient in responding to maritime trends, developments and incidents, within the framework of the IMO involve relevant government departments and stakeholders in the formulation and adoption of policy 2.2 Heightened maritime safety concerns Enhancing maritime safety through ensuring that each link in the chain of responsibility fully meets its obligations is a priority for the maritime community as a whole. An effective maritime administration is critical in ensuring an effective and efficient maintenance of maritime safety standards through proper co-ordination. Challenges: The challenge is to enhance technical, operational and safety management standards. A further challenge is to identify and evaluate factors influencing a safety culture and to turn them into practical and effective mechanisms for further developing a quality and safety culture throughout the maritime community. An existence of an effective and efficient SAMSA is critical in the enforcement of maritime safety standards. 2.3 Heightened maritime security concerns The unfortunate events of 11 September 2001 in the United States of America changed the manner and approach in which matters of maritime security were handled. The collective approach by the IMO in developing and adopting maritime security policies and measures has meant that shipping will no longer be the same again. There are equally growing concerns that the new measures should not unduly affect the efficiency of shipping and port operations, more so in an interconnected world highly dependent on sea-borne trade. The entire maritime community is hard at work to ensure full compliance with the provisions of the ISPS Code and changes to SOLAS. Challenges: The challenge is to promote the effective implementation of the new security measures, to instill a security consciousness in ship and port facility operations and at the same time, ensure the right balance is struck with trade facilitation, and that sea borne trade will continue to be smooth and efficient. 2.4 Heightened environmental consciousness There is growing public intolerance to environmental pollution from shipping incidents as experienced from several accidents. There is also heightened concern over the impact of global shipping activities on the environment, giving impetus to efforts, such as ensuring the preservation of aquatic systems and not allowing the introduction of harmful substances from ships in the marine environment. Challenges: The challenge in line with the global emphasis on sustainable development, is to be proactive in identifying and addressing maritime and shipping activities that could have an adverse impact on the environment; and To develop effective responses to maritime incidents to mitigate the impact on the environment, should they occur. 2.5 Safety of people at sea In line with the IMOs fundamental principle to protect the lives of all those at sea, the advent of large passenger ships with capacities of several thousand persons, and the continuing loss of seafarers lives at sea have heightened concerns over the safety of human life at sea and the success of search and rescue operations in case of distress. Such concerns include the safe operation of ships and whether current response capabilities to deal with emergencies are adequate. Challenge: The challenge is to ensure all that systems and infrastructure related to ensuring the safety of life at sea are adequate, including the welfare of persons working at sea and in ports. We need an effective and efficient MRCC5 2.6 Shifting emphasis onto people Human performance in all sections of the maritime industry is a major cause of maritime incidents. Advances in technology affecting the human element offer new opportunities that we can harness to enhance the human element in safer shipping. Challenge: Is to increase emphasis on the human element in safer and more secure shipping, port operations and continuously improve measures to enhance human performance in the maritime industry. 2.7Technology as a major driving force for change in the maritime transport sector Technological developments particularly in communications and information provide better opportunities for knowledge management to increase transparency and accessibility to information. Care should however be taken with regard to possible negative consequences that technology could bring. Challenges: To ensure that when adopting technological developments, they enhance maritime safety, security efficiency and protection of the environment; Ensure the proper application of technology in information management and provide enhanced access to that information by the shipping industry and others.

Covenant and Promise Essays -- essays research papers

COVENANT AND PROMISE †¢ BERITH = Hebrew word for covenant †¢ Berith is found in the earliest records in the Bible and is fundamental to Hebrew religion. In Latin it is Testamentum. †¢ The Old Testament and the New Testaments means the old and the new covenants. A covenant is a promise. †¢ Chesed = Hebrew word for the attitude of loyalty and faithfulness which both parties should observe towards one another in a covenant relationship. †¢ The covenant ‘chesed’ of God is so strong that it can never pass away. The Covenant with Abraham †¢ The records of ancient Israel were not written down until the time of King David, who had a court and a scribe. This was the time when Israel possessed the land of Canaan. †¢ The records were then redacted at later dates, significantly in the period of the exile (597BCE) †¢ There are two covenants recorded in Genesis made with Abraham. †¢ Genesis 15. Abraham is told to kill a selection of animals and is then put into a deep sleep. A flaming pot passes through. This is a ceremony to seal the covenant. The covenant was one sided, God made promises, Abraham received them. The Covenant with Abraham †¢ Covenant 2 †¢ Genesis 17 records the outward sign of the covenant, circumcision. This is still an important practise today. †¢ 17:9 God also said to Abraham: "On your part, you and your descendants after you must keep my covenant throughout the ages.This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you that you must keep: every male among you shall be circumcised. Circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and that shall be the mark of the covenant between you and me. †¢ 17:12 Throughout the ages, every male among you, when he is eight days old, shall be circumcised†¦ Thus my covenant shall be in your flesh as an everlasting pact. †¢ Scholars believe this is a later covenant influenced by the experiences of the exile. The Promises of the Covenant with Abraham †¢ Abraham is promised that he will be the father of... ...en the The Kingdom of God reigns once more on earth. Second Isaiah †¢ Another prophet of the exile. †¢ Absolute monotheism emerged during the period of the exile. †¢ If there is only one God, then he is also the God of the nations. †¢ Isaiah pictures a renewal of the covenant on return from exile at Jerusalem. †¢ Significantly all nations will come to worship Israel’s God. ISAIAH 40:1 Comfort, give comfort to my people, Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, and proclaim to her that her service is at an end, her guilt is expiated; Indeed, she has received from the hand of the LORD double for all her sins. 40:3 A voice cries out: In the desert prepare the way of the LORD! Make straight in the wasteland a highway for our God! 40:4 Every valley shall be filled in, every mountain and hill shall be made low; The rugged land shall be made a plain, the rough country, a broad valley. 40:5 Then the glory of the LORD shall be revealed, and all mankind shall see it together; for the mouth of the LORD has spoken. Peter Vardy â€Å"Covenant and Promise† 2000

Food Security or Food Sovereignty: the Case of Land Grabs Essay

The last decade has witnessed a serious change in the distribution and accessibility of food. In 2010 Ethiopia was home to 2.8 million people in need of emergency food aid; yet this country had concurrently sold more than 600,000 hectares of agricultural land to transnational companies that export the majority of their produce (Reuters, 2011; Economist, 2009; Green, 2011). Ethiopia remains a country facing great food insecurity, which is a lack of access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food (WHO, 2011); a paradigm that focuses upon the financial and distributive aspects of providing food. Although Ethiopia is just one of many countries facing this dilemma, it illustrates how the issue of food sovereignty is becoming increasingly as important as that of food security. This paper will address the role that sovereignty plays in light of mass foreign acquisition of land in countries which face high levels of food insecurity. The importance of food security and food sovereignty will be exemplified within the context of ‘land grabbing’ in a demonstrative case study of Ethiopia. Security or Sovereignty? The difference between food security and food sovereignty may seem like mere semantics, but in the hyper-globalized world wherein transnational companies may privately own significant portions of arable land in countries facing food insecurity, it is not just a matter of word play. When these companies choose to export the entire crop grown on such lands and when the farmland has been taken from uncompensated smallholder farmers. Disparity of wealth and land ownership is not a new phenomenon. However, the degree to which agricultural lands are owned within areas of food insecurity makes food sovereignty as vital a factor as food security. An analysis of these concepts and their global implications is pressing, as over 963 million people do not have enough to eat. Most of them live in developing countries, and sixty-five percent of them live in only seven countries: China, India, Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Pakistan and Ethiopia (FAO, 2011). Furthermore, e ach year more people die due to hunger and malnutrition than to AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined (Global Food Security, 2011a). The World Food Summit, held in 1996, declared that ideal food security includes the global population, whereby all people have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, encompassing both the physical availability and the economic access (WHO, 2011). The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child both stipulate that it is the intrinsic right of all people to have access to food (United Nations, 1948; United Nations, 1990). However, the responsibility to enact these rights rests mostly on the nation-state, not the international community. On the other hand, some argue that repeated affirmations of human rights within the international realm do imply some global responsibility (Riddell, 2007). The theoretical ideal is, therefore, that food security exists when all people in all places have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food. Clearly that theoretical aim has not been met. Furthermore, if current mechanisms are not facilitating the aim it may require consideration of entirely new models of how countries engage with one another (Pogge, 2002). Typical measurement of food security is limited to a specific place, such as a nation, city or household. USAID (USAID, 2011) uses the household as a measurement, whereas the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) programs are nationally operated, thus limiting the global goals and human rights to the nation-state. Food insecurity also exists in differing levels. One person may be facing a temporary bout of food insecurity, called â€Å"transitory†, while another may be consistently facing it, known as â€Å"chronic† food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity leads to high levels of vulnerability to hunger and famine. The achievement of food security does not necessitate that a country produce sufficient food supplies; but rather that a country is able to provide sufficient safe and nutritious food for its population. Thus, arises the question of food sovereignty: in a world of great economic disparity, will the food supplies of one region be given to another, even in the case where the local population faces chronic food insecurity? Food security means the availability and access to sufficient safe food, whereas food sovereignty involves both ownership and the rights of local people to define local food systems, without first being subject to international market concerns. An important distinction must be made between food sovereignty as a theoretical construct and food sovereignty as a movement. The food sovereignty movement considers that the practices of multi-national corporations are akin to colonization, as such companies buy up large tracts of land and turn local agricultural resources into export cash-crops. [1]As a movement, food sovereignty lacks direction and involves a great diversity of opinion and idea. As a model to re-consider and re-evaluate food, it highlights important challeng es and offers potential remedies to current challenges. Food sovereignty as a theoretical construct, which is the definition that will be used throughout this paper, relates to the ownership and rights of food growers and local communities. Food security and food sovereignty are increasingly of global importance, with concerns not limited just to the developing world. In the 2008 price spike, consumers in Great Britain saw a fifteen-percent rise in average food items, while the BBC tracked some items increasing in cost by more than forty-percent (Global Food Security, 2011a). In the twelve month period before the price spike, the cost of wheat increased by 130% and rice by 74% (ibid). The pinch of paying more for food in developed countries was expressed differently in many developing countries, such as the mass rioting in Yemen, Somalia, Senegal, Pakistan, Mozambique, Indonesia, India, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Haiti, Burkina Faso, the Philippines and Bangladesh. At the same time, the World Resources Institute records sustainable and consistent increases in per capita food production over the last several decades (World Resources Institute, 2011). USAID argues that food insecurity is often a result of poverty (USAID, 2011), while ownership, land rights and sovereignty are not mentioned as causal factors. While it is true that a direct relationship can be found between those who face food insecurity and those who are impoverished, that does not exclude other causes; such as, a lack of sovereignty or oppressive external factors. However, USAID does not take poverty alleviation and/or human rights as its prime reasons for engagement; rather its prime interests are to protect America and to create opportunities for Americans (Riddell, 2007). The European Union community has sought the improvement of food security for the least-developed countries through a plethora of national and international development bodies, while also engaging in massive e xport-based land acquisitions in those same regions (Graham, Aubry, Kunnemann and Suarez, 2011). Ironically, the aim of reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) with funding and support from the European Union is countered by European Union businesses as they engage in activities that displace and dispossess locals of their land and livelihood. Increasing commercial production does not mean an increase of local or national food security, in particular when these foreign companies are exporting entire crops. This may in fact, lead to increased food insecurity and higher levels of malnutrition and poverty (Ansoms, 2011). Surprisingly, even Harvard University has used its investments in land-acquisition deals (Vidal and Provost, 2011). â€Å"Land Grabbing† A â€Å"land grab† refers to those land acquisitions that have caused displacement, dispossession and disenfranchisement; or, according to the Institute of Development Studies, it may also more broadly refer to the mass purchasing of agricultural lands by transnational companies (Scoones, 2009). Land grabbing is occurring on a scale and at a rate faster than ever known before (Food First, 2011). When over one-hundred papers were presented at the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing in 2011, not one positive outcome could be found for local communities; such as, food security, employment and environmental sustainability (ibid). When such acquisitions occur in places of conflict, post-conflict and/or weak governance there is less monitoring and control and even greater negative impacts (Mabikke, 2011). Furthermore, large-scale land deals increase local food insecurity, as arable land produce is exported rather than reaching the local market; and smallholder farmers m ust purchase foods as opposed to harvesting it on their lands (Food First, 2011). Lester Brown (2011) argues that land purchasing is a part of the global struggle to ensure food security. Food-importing countries are securing overseas supplies by attempting to control the entire supply-chain of food-stuffs, and thus avoid any potential problems that may arise in the process. Furthermore, he notes, that these deals are not only about food security but also water security. Countries such as Saudi Arabia used to produce much higher levels of wheat internally; however, due to declines in available fresh water these land deals have secured required sources of both food and water (Bunting, 2011). Woodhouse and Ganho (2011) argue that the role played by water access in land grabs cannot be under-estimated, including the competition between local and investor in acquiring access to water resources and to sustainable water usage, as well as coping with the problems of creating pollution and chemical run-off. Case studies in Ethiopia demonstrate that access to, and rights of, water sources disproportionately favor investors over local smallholder farmers (Bues, 2011). The United Nations director of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) called these land-lease deals ‘neo-colonialist’ (Economist, 2011b). This statement was echoed by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who warned of a new wave of colonialism (Associated Press, 2011). Madeleine Bunting (2011, p. 1) envisions a â€Å"dystopian future in which millions of the hungry are excluded from the land of their forefathers by barbed wire fences and security guards as food is exported to feed the rich world.† The wider view must, however, include the role of local/national government in facilitating, and in some cases encouraging, the sale of arable land and displacement of peoples. Other analysts have more cautiously labeled the vast selling of agricultural lands to investors as the third wave of outsourcing. The first wave consisted of investors looking for locations with cheaper labour. The second wave was the out-sourcing of middle-class jobs to places such as India because of its advances in information technology. This may be the third wave: the out-sourcing of growing and harvesting of food supplies to locations where there is cheap fertile land. Case Study: Ethiopia Ethiopia is an important case study as it has been claimed to be the epicenter of land deals (Vidal, 2011), and it has also been well known since 1984 as a place where extreme food insecurity exists. The nation is largely agricultural-based. Agricultural products account for 46% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 90% of its exports and 83% of its employment (USAID, 2010). Eight of every ten Ethiopians live in rural areas, a majority of its nearly eighty-million citizens. Average local land holdings are 0.93 hectare (USAID, 2010), which respectively contribute to household food security. Smallholder agriculture provides the most common livelihood for the vast majority of Ethiopians. In 2010 ten percent of Ethiopia’s citizens relied on food aid (Reuters, 2011). In the 2011 appeal for emergency food aid, the United Nations explained that emergency was caused by a shortage of rain in the Somali and Oromiya regions. In response, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi said that within five-years the country will no longer need food aid, projecting above 10-percent annual economic growth rates. The Economist confirms impressive growth rates, although not as high as the government-published results. Between 2001 and 2010 the annual GDP growth rate was an impressive 8.4%, making it the world’s fifth fastest growing economy during that period (Economist, 2011a). Projections for 2011-2015 suggest average growth at 8.1%, the third fastest in the world (ibid). In contrast to these rosy predictions, USAID, which is one of Ethiopia’s largest donors ($600 million of food aid in 2009-10), outlines that successful agricultural development and food security requires â€Å"100% ownership and buy-in by the Ethiopian people† (USAID, 2010, p. 5). And yet, the Ethiopian government and transnational corporations are doing exactly the opposite, in displacing and dispossessing Ethiopians and handing over control and ownership to non-local corporations and governments. The Economist (2009) highlighted an interesting parallel in the $100-million Saudi investment to grow and export rice, wheat and barley on a 99-year land-lease in Ethiopia, while the United Nations World Food Program plans to spend $116-million, over a five-year period, providing emergency food aid to Ethiopia. In 2008 the Ethiopian famine was compounded as food continued to be exported and did not reach the local market (Dominguez, 2010). Yet fertile Ethiopian agricultural land continues to be leased for as little as $1 per acre (Bunting, 2011). According to Ethiopian government sources, over thirty-six countries have leased land within its borders (Vidal, 2011). Although estimates vary, it is thought that 60—80% of food production in Ethiopia is completed by women. Thus the role of gender is revealed by analysis of those affected by land sales and dispossessions (USAID, 2010). Of those who face the brunt of food shortages and insecurity in Ethiopia, most are women and children (USAID, 2010). Furthermore, areas of large-scale plantations are more likely to be poverty-affected than prosperous in respect to the local populations (Da Via, E. 2011). As a parallel example, case studies from Cambodia show that land grabs do not benefit local residents, and over time resulted in collective action by the local population against political and commercial interests (Schneider, 2011). The massive land-lease deals are not without their supporters, however. The technology transfer, increase in number of jobs and foreign investment are usually cited as having positive effects for the overall benefit of Ethiopia and its citizens. Ethiopian Ambassador to the UK, Berhanu Kabede (2011), published a response arguing that land-leases assist Ethiopia to move towards mechanized agriculture to increase production capability, and as such the government has set aside 7.4 million acres of agricultural land for land-lease deals. The Ambassador further notes that this is only a portion of Ethiopia’s arable land (ibid). The Ambassador highlights some of the positive environmental changes the Ethiopian government has made in recent years, including the planting of 1-billion trees, re-foresting 15-million hectares of land and a national plan to become carbon neutral by 2025 (ibid). Ambassador Kabede did not mention some of the negative impacts the vast land sales will have; such as, displacement of local farmers, uncompensated dispossession of their land, continued food scarcity as investors export what is grown, unsustainable resource use, and environmental damage to lands, atmosphere and water. Furthermore, the majority of the world’s poor are rural dwellers who engage in some small-scale farming. As a result of the dispossession of land and displacement of people, poverty levels will increase and more people will be forced to migrate away from agricultural areas to city-centers. World Bank studies (Riddell, 2007) confirm that the push for macro-economic development via liberalization of markets has detrimental effects on particular groups of society, particularly the poor. Guillozet and Bliss (2011) found that, although investment in the forestry sector is low in Ethiopia, the agricultural investments affect natural forests by mass clearing and burning. As a result, there are long-term negative impacts. Biodiversity is currently being reduced by the cutting and burning of hundreds of hectares of forest, as well as by the draining of swamps and marshlands (Vidal, 2011). Pesticides have also been shown, in Ethiopian cases, to kill bees and other unintended flora and f auna. Beyond the investment land itself the clearing of natural forests is affecting livelihoods on a much larger scale, by negatively affecting the wider ecosystems (Guillozet and Bliss, 2011). Such deals are neither agricultural development nor rural development, but simply agribusiness development, according to GRAIN (2008). An unpublished report that interviewed 150 local farm households in Ethiopia found that there is weak monitoring of investor activities from regional and national government. It also found that accelerated forest degradation resulted in loss of livelihood security for community members. Furthermore, in Cameroon, cases of land grabs demonstrate that the transnational investment in agriculture is a major obstacle to local livelihoods, traditional resource ownership and land rights, as well as to sustainable development (Simo, 2011). In yet another example, Rwandan land grabs have shown the move from traditionally owned and operated farms into large-scale corporate mono-crop cultivation has negatively affected livelihoods through loss of land as well as means of financial security, resulting in increased poverty levels and food insecurity despite overall macro-economic gains (Ansoms, 2011). An article in the Indian national newspaper, The Hindu, quotes the Ethiopian Prime Minister encouraging Indian investment who assured the Indian Prime Minister (then trying to encourage Indian investment in Ethiopia) that no land grabbing was occurring in his country (Varadarajan, 2011). However, highly productive agricultural lands are rarely left completely unused, which begs the question how vacant much of this land is. Darryl Vhugen (2011) and John Vidal (2011) both found that most land deals required involuntary displacement of small-scale farmers. Thus, these small-scale farmers in Ethiopia are left with neither land to cultivate nor an alternative source of income following their displacement. The Ethiopian government views international investment and land-lease deals as means to achieve economic development. In Madagascar, when 1.3 million hectares of agricultural lands were going to be sold to Daewod, the international community and local residents reacted in opposition, resulting in the government being overthrown (Perrine, Mathidle, Rivo and Raphael. 2011). The Ethiopian economic development model is one which seeks export-driven macroeconomic development at the expense of micro-level communities and residents, particularly those in remote regions. Ethiopian officials seem to use interchangeably the terms ‘empty’ and ‘unused’ with the word ‘uncultivated’, with little or no reference at all to the people who currently live on and use those lands. Thus, not only do levels of poverty a nd food insecurity increase but so too may political instability. The World Bank concludes that the risks involved with such land-lease investments are immense, and that land sales â€Å"often deprived local people, in particular the vulnerable, of their rights†¦ Consultations, if conducted at all, were superficial†¦and environmental and social safeguards were widely neglected† (Economist, 2011b, p.1). Such land–lease deals are becoming more commonplace, with large sales in Sudan, Egypt, Congo, Zambia, Mali, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Liberia, Ghana, and Mozambique (Economist, 2009; Economist, 2011b; Vhugen, 2011). Although there are land deals taking place outside of Africa, over 50% of the estimated 60-80 million hectares of such deals in the last three years took place there (Economist, 2011b), approximately an area the size of France (Vidal and Provost, 2011). The largest land buyers include China, India, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia; yet some of the largest deals are done with W estern funding (Vidal and Provost, 2011). Cases from Sierra Leone show that a lack of knowledge-sharing with locals, along with a plethora of false promises, has led to social, environmental and economic loss. Addax Bioenergy received the use of 40,000 hectares to grow ethanol for export to the European Union (EU). Local villagers were in turn promised two-thousand jobs and environmental protection of the swamps. However, three years into the project only fifty jobs materialized, while some of the swamps have been drained and others damaged by irrigation (Economist, 2011b). Those jobs that did exist paid USD $2.50 per day on a casual basis (Da Via, E. 2011). Clearly these are not isolated cases and action is required to stem the tsunami of sales of land in food-insecure areas. Recommendations * Re-evaluate the system: Up to twenty-five percent of crops are lost due to pests and diseases and the developing world loses up to an additional thirty-seven percent of harvested foods due to problems in storage and transportation. Every day 4.4 million apples, 5.1 million potatoes, 2.8 million tomatoes and 1.6 million bananas are thrown in the garbage (Global Food Security, 2011b). Systematic shifts that address this loss may focus upon local sustainability and buy local movements, rather than relying upon export commodities and global transport for the sale and supply of food stuffs. This requires participation that includes local ownership and collective decision making. * Provide Sustainable Solutions: Much of modern agriculture is mechanized, using oil-based chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. This system of agriculture is not sustainable. It needs to be remedied with a more sustainable approach to agriculture – which can be just as agriculturally productiv e (Barker, 2007). On example of how sustainable initiatives can be promoted and supported is the Equator Initiative, which provides financial prizes and knowledge sharing for community-driven efforts that reduce poverty through sustainable use of biodiversity. As many smallholder farmers are engaging in de facto sustainable agriculture encouragement and support, such as the Equator Initiative need to be scaled-up. * Regulate Land Grabbing: The World Bank has proposed guidelines, but does not have the means or authority to enforce them (Bunting, 2011). In order guidelines to be enforced, such as those developed by the World Bank, national governments must be involved, for this to take place greater coordination on the international level and advocacy from the NGO and public sectors is required. Madagascar demonstrates the power of collective action, as does Sudan and Cambodia, yet long-term and effective change will require governmental enforced regulation. * Establish Good Governance: The purchasing of land and forced displacement of peoples occurs not solely due to transnational pressure, but with government approval. Citizens and the international community must encourage, and work towards, better governance decisions. An international f ramework for responsible investing could be created. However, such a framework would remain weak and ineffective unless adopted and enforced by national governments. In order to ensure that investments are beneficial for both the investor and the community, this framework must ensure that food security and livelihood protection for the local communities (Shete, 2011). Further encouragement can levied on governance in tying good governance to official development assistance, such systems have been developed and enacted by the World Bank and others. * Monitor and Penalize Environmental Damage: Companies must be more strictly monitored with regard to environmental damage, both by the public and private sectors (Nunow, 2011). Monitoring and evaluation of investments ought to be strengthened with regulation and policy by the relevant national government and by international bodies. NGOs and communities can take inspiration from others who have taken transnational companies to court, and won. National government need to recognize the short-term benefits do not out-weight the long-term environmental damage, and seek compensation to rectify violations. The scale of land acquisitions demonstrate that such regulations will likely not significantly deter investments and investors, as efforts to do so in Tanzania demonstrate (Pallangyo, 2007). * Develop Rural Agriculture: Currently less than one percent of smallholder farmers use irrigation techniques in Ethiopia (CSA, 2009). An improvement in this regard will allow for increased productivity as well as year-round water availability. Facilitation of loans for the purchase of pumps (as smallholder farmers often lack financial resources to make such investments), as well as access to internal markets with infrastructural developments can improve community-driven and locally-owned productivity. * Undertake Land Reform: Changes on the national level will require land reforms, ownership reforms and recognition of traditional land rights. Such land reforms and rights have been evolving in Madagascar, following the rejection of the Daewod land-grab deal and the installation of a new government. Tanzania has also enacted progressive rights for recognizing traditional land title (Locher, 2011). This can also be done in conjunction with FAO, FIDA, UNCTAD and World Bank recommendations to guarantee and respect local land rights (Perrine, Mathidle, Rivo and Raphael, 2011). Wily (2011) identifies consistent and persisting failures of land rights and ownership caused by the leasing of lands without consent of customary owners. Concluding Remarks As highlighted by the Ethiopian case study, it becomes readily apparent that the forced relocation of rural farmers will likely increase the numbers of people living in poverty. Consequently, there will be an increase in the numbers of people in need of emergency food aid. Aggregate data on food security will not measure the importance of food sovereignty, nor do the data take into account unjust practices and environmental damage. The majority of Ethiopians are subsistence farmers, and depriving them of their land, rights and livelihood neglects the importance of human rights and environmental protection. One means to achieve the goal of national food security, as well as a reduction of required emergency food aid, is to increase effectiveness of rural farms. Communities themselves must engage and be active in resisting forced relocation and dispossession of their land and rights. Examples of such resistance include that of Madagascar and the Southern Sudanese movement, which advoca tes land belongs to the community and requires its involvement (Deng, 2011), as well as active community resistance to land grabs in Cambodia (Schneider, 2011). Communities must seek to be participants in the discussion, to be involved in the process and to voice their concerns. Food security of the wealthy at the expense of the impoverished will not work and requires new approaches. The prospect of attaining sovereignty over land and the food grown on it encourages smallholder farmers to continue their livelihood while seeking to increase overall food security. â€Å"In most poor nations, there are large gaps between actual and potential agricultural yields. But the best route to closing this gap usually is not super-sized farms. In most labour-intensive agricultural settings, small farms are more productive than large farms. They could become even more productive – and as a result likely minimise unrest – if developing country governments provide these family farms with secure land rights that allow farmers to invest in their own land and improve their harvests.† (Vhugen, 2011, p.1). The World Bank’s 2010 report found that land grabs ignored proper legal procedures, displaced local peoples without compensation, encroached on areas beyond the agreement, had negative impacts on gender disparity, were environmentally destructive, provided far fewer jobs than promised, leased land below market value and routinely excluded pastoralists and displaced peoples from consultations (Da Via, 2011). Furthermore, the World Bank concludes: â€Å"many investments†¦failed to live up to expectations and, instead of generating sustainable benefits, contributed to asset loss and left local people worse off than they would have been without the investment† (World Bank, 2010, p. 51). Adopting food sovereignty as a concept and approach will not solve these problems. However, it does allow for an expanded analysis of the complex issues at hand. No easy solution exists as neoliberal economics and structurally-adjusted trade liberalization conflict with human rights; as global food security is confronted by local food and land sovereignty; and, as the Washington Consensus is challenged by the Peasants’ Way. â€Å"It would be no exaggeration to suggest that the outcome of these convulsive transformations and contestations constitutes one of the greatest moral and political challenges of our times† (Makki and Geisler, 2011, p. 17). Challenges, however, are no reason to accept injustice and abuse of human rights. Actors with roles to play on every level can be a part of the solutions proposed above. Re-evaluating the food system and developing sustainable solutions begin on individual levels and are supported on the international marketplace. Regulation of land grabbing, improving governance, undertaking land reform and the monitoring of environmental damage rest more heavily upon national and international actors; yet these process can be driven locally with support from the international community, as demonstrated by the cases of Sudan and Madagascar. This is a call for action lest we find ourselves â€Å"academic Cassandras who prophesy the coming plagues, but do little to avert them† (Farmer, 2001, p. xxviii). References Ansoms, A. 2011. The ‘bitter fruit’ of a new agrarian model: Large-scale land deals and local livelihoods in Rwanda. International Conference on Global Land Grabbing 6-8 April 2011 University of Sussex, UK. Associated Press. 2011. Clinton warns Africa of ‘new colonialism’. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12 June 2011]. Barker, D. 2007. The Rise and Predictable Fall of Globalized Industrialized Agriculture. The International Forum on Globalization: San Francisco. Brown, Lester. 2011. World on the Edge. Earth Policy Institute: London. Bues, A. 2011. Agricultural Foreign Direct Investment and Water Rights: An Institutional Analysis from Ethiopia. International Conference on Global Land Grabbing 6-8 April 2011 University of Sussex, UK. Bunting, M. 2011. How Land Grabs in Africa could herald a new dystopian age of hunger. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 May 2011]. CSA. 2009. Large and medium scale commercial farms sample survey 2008/09 (2001 E.C.). Central Statistical Agency Statistical Bulletin 446. Da Via, E. 2011. The Politics of â€Å"Win-Win† Narratives: Land Grabs as Development Opportunity. International Conference on Global Land Grabbing 6-8 April 2011 University of Sussex, UK. Deng, D. 2011. ‘Land Belongs to the Community’ Demystifying the ‘global land grab’ in Southern Sudan. International Conference on Global Land Grabbing 6-8 April 2011 University of Sussex, UK. Dominguez, A. 2010. Why was there still malnutrition in Ethiopia in 2008? Causes and Humanitarian Accountability. Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, 21 February 2010. Dwyer. 2011. Building the Politics Machine: Tools for Resolving the Global Land Grab. International Conference on Global Land Grabbing 6-8 April 2011 University of Sussex, UK. Economist 2011b. When others are grabbing their land. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 May 2011].